Key takeaways
: Parasocial relationships have exploded from 1950s tv hosts to today’s influencers, K-pop stars and even AI avatars, often outnumbering people’s real-life connections
: Fans deepen these one-sided bonds through rituals, merch and shared community experiences, turning intimacy into something that is programmable and monetisable
: Brands can tap into parasocial relationships by building long-term community engagement rather than chasing viral moments or transactional marketing
What's a parasocial relationship?
In the words of Chris Rojek, the author of Presumed Intimacy: Parasocial Interaction in Media, Society and Celebrity Culture, a parasocial relationship is one that is ‘steeped in fantasy and formed with someone on screen’. The concept was developed in the 1950s by two American social psychologists, Donald Horton and Richard Wohl, who were intrigued by the rise of television.
‘What struck them was the novel phenomenon of viewers forming emotional attachments to people on television,’ Rojek tells LS:N Global. Viewers began to identify with, and fantasise about, the newsreader, the weather presenter or the continuity announcer.
In 2025, people now live in a networked society which is rooted in social media, where the number of parasocial relationships has multiplied significantly. Rojek, who is also a professor of sociology at City St George’s, University of London, adds: ‘For many, the number of parasocial relationships they have far exceeds the number of face-to-face relationships.’ Where can it go next?
Build trust in the age of suspicion
A person’s passion for their favourite celebrity can sometimes verge on cult-like behaviour and, according to Rojek, this trend shows no sign of slowing down.
‘We see trust being placed in individuals – even those who behave criminally – without that trust being shaken.’ In low-trust societies, citizens are more likely to seek out idealised figures to solve their problems: ‘Social media celebrities often present themselves as that solution,’ Rojek explains.
In The Guardian, writer Zandile Powell’s analysis of online ‘guru girlies’ argues that what makes these creators persuasive isn’t the success rate of their advice, it is ‘the parasocial relationship they bring to the already toxic world of self-improvement and wellness culture’. Because these creators are framed as living proof of their own advice, any failure of the tips is internalised by followers as their own fault – and this removes the risk of disappointment in the guru figure.
Social media influencers have fostered a different kind of parasocial relationship – one that is built on relatability. At Cannes Lions 2025, creator Ahmed El-Ghandour noted that the most important values he offers are the sense of belonging and togetherness. ‘It’s more about the ritual of posting every Saturday or Tuesday and the inside jokes – what I would call the illusion of intimacy,’ he said.
‘These are the new models of connection that are emerging in the world and they’re slowly replacing our ideas of friendship.’ Fans feel as if they truly know the person behind the screen.
Case study: Weverse
On platforms such as Bubble and Weverse, fans crave direct connection with their trusted K-pop performers and feel special when their questions are asked during a livestream or when they receive a new message, which is sent to all fans, in their DMs. The FaceTime-type interface makes them believe the relationship is real
We often think media is about the person we’re watching or following – but really, it’s about us. It’s about how we feel, who we connect to, what ideas, emotions or pieces of art resonate with us
Merchandise the bond
For many fans, becoming part of their celebrity’s community and brand universe is synonymous with buying and collecting merchandise.
In K-pop fandoms, fans purchase branded clothing, vinyls, collectable photo cards and any items co-created by their favourite artist. In 2025, beauty brand Amorepacific collaborated with girl group Aespa to create lip balm based on light sticks that fans use at concerts to show support.
‘Merchandise essentially functions as what is called ‘transitional objects’ in attachment theory – physical items that provide comfort and connection to an absent figure,’ Mindy Weathersbee, a graduate student in media psychology at Fielding Graduate University, tells LS:N Global.
According to Karen Shackleford, professor of social psychology at Fielding Graduate University and author of Real Characters, physical objects can serve as bridges between people.
‘Fans connect with the object of their affection, but they also connect with each other – and that’s just as important. It’s part of how they relate to the meaning behind it,’ she tells LS:N Global.
From limited-edition Labubu figurines to Duolingo’s mascot plushies and bath bomb-filled K-pop albums, merchandise today serves as memorabilia and emotional anchors.
Case study: KitBetter
Designed by South Korean company KitBetter, KitAlbums, a CES 2024 innovation award winner, are pocket-sized devices that merge the tactile joy of physical albums with the ease of digital streaming. Looking like glossy merch boxes, they often include photos, accessories and a cartridge-like device that plays instantly via an NFC chip when held near a smartphone
Today, for many people, the number of parasocial relationships they have far exceeds the number of face-to-face relationships
Channel new technologies for vitality
AI is already shaping the future of parasocial relationships. Weathersbee predicts that virtual influencers and AI companions will personalise parasocial experiences: ‘AR/VR technologies will enable more immersive interactions, potentially making parasocial relationships feel even more real.’
For brands, the challenge remains how to connect with these fandoms, rather than attempting to manufacture viral moments.
‘Brands need to understand that modern consumers want to feel part of a community,’ says Weathersbee. ‘Parasocial relationships require genuine emotional labour from brands by responding to communities, maintaining a consistent voice and values and creating meaningful touchpoints.’
The future of parasocial relationships will also depend on whether brands can evoke a sense of vitality, not just intimacy.
According to El-Ghandour, low-stakes, non-personal interactions – whether with machines, content creators or even therapists – fail to provide vitality because the other party in the relationship does not need you. ‘We are not vital to our therapists. We are not vital to Facebook. We are not vital to ChatGPT or any of these systems,’ he says. ‘But we are vital to our pets, our friends, our partners and children.’
In this space of brand engagement, there is room for companies to become engines of belonging. Netflix’s singalong screenings of the hit animated film KPop Demon Hunters exemplify this shift. The streamer brought fandom out of digital spaces and into real-world environments designed for togetherness and authentic connection.
Case study: Blooming Talk
In August 2025, Chinese pop group A2O May announced the launch of Blooming Talk – an app offering 24/7 AI conversations with avatars of members of the band that mimic their voices
I don’t think we’re facing a friendship recession or a relationship recession. I think we’re facing a vitality recession
Strategic opportunities
Strategic opportunities
Consumer
: Designing for ritual intimacy – Consumers want to feel as if they are in a real relationship. Consider how to build ongoing rituals into your content strategy, such as weekly live streams, behind-the-scenes drops and interactive Q&As to mimic the consistency of a genuine relationship
Product & Lifestyle
: Emotional user experience – As AI and avatars become relationship proxies, brands should think beyond functionality. How can a chatbot make someone feel seen? How does your digital product offer warmth or humour?
Engagement
: Embrace, don’t hijack – Fandoms have opinions and immense power when it comes to calling out a company that they believe is trying to hijack their community for money. Ask yourself: ‘Do I know the lore? Have I learned their history? How can I show a genuine long-term commitment?’